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LIFE ON BOARD A SHIP
- the Captain was in charge - was helped by the first mate
- sailors ate biscuits called hardtack - often infested with black beetles
- ate cheese, onions, dried beans, fish
- lack of fresh vegetables and fruit caused scurvy - biggest killer of sailors - caused gums to bleed and teeth to fall out - death
- hard to keep water fresh - stored in barrells but often went bad - caused disease called dysentery
- many sailors were afraid of sea monsters or falling off the end of the earth
- captains carried twice as many men as they needed because disease usually killed so many
- risk of storms - caused shipwreck and drowning
- could be attacked by hostile natives
-often died of thirst and hunger
- used astrolabes and quadrants to find latitude, compasses to find their direction and log and line to calculate speed
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TO HELP YOU REMEMBER THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION TRY TO LEARN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE
SILLY CRAZY ELEPHANTS GULP NASTY VITAMINS
1. Slaves 2. Conflicts between powers 3. Empires (new) created 4. Goods exchanged 5. Natives (the impact on them) 6.View of world changed
SILLY CRAZY ELEPHANTS GULP NASTY VITAMINS
1. Slaves 2. Conflicts between powers 3. Empires (new) created 4. Goods exchanged 5. Natives (the impact on them) 6.View of world changed
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3 POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS ON THE
AGE OF EXPLORATION
(i)Achievements of the Portuguese voyages of exploration
Prince Henry of Portugal was the first European explorer to create a special school to train sailors in a place called Sagres. Portuguese sailors were the first to explore the western coast of Africa and they charted its coastline. They established trade links with African rulers and brought many goods and slaves back to Europe.
Bartholomew Diaz was a Portuguese sailor and was the first to reach the southern tip of Africa. He named this part of Africa the Cape of Storms. It was later changed to the Cape of Good Hope in order to encourage more sailors to sail further around the tip to India and the Spice Islands. The first Portuguese sailor to achieve that was Vasco da Gama who reached the Indian port of Calicut.
In the years following these voyages, Portugal became a very powerful and wealthy nation and established many overseas colonies in Asia and Brazil. It also broke Muslim control of the spice trade thus reducing the price of spices in Europe. Portugal became a great rival of Spain and later, in the treaty of Tordesillas, the Spanish and the Portuguese divided up the New World between them.
(ii) Conflict between European powers as a result of the voyages of exploration
Many European countries wanted to get a share of the land and wealth of the New World. At the beginning the biggest rivals were Spain and Portugal. They became such rivals that the Pope had to get involved and the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in order to divide the New
World between them. All new land claimed to the west of the dividing line was Spanish, and territory claimed in the east was to be under Portuguese control. This was done in order to prevent them going to war with each other.
As exploration expanded, more and more European countries got involved and also became rivals. The English wanted to gain some
of the wealth of the New World, so they attacked Spanish colonies and Spanish ships. The Dutch attacked some of the Portuguese colonies including some on the Spice Islands and the French and the English were rivals in North America, the Caribbean and in India. These European countries also became very wealthy as a result of exploration and this led to rivalry and jealousy between them.
Another rivalry that developed between countries was the race to bring as many slaves as possible to the New World and it continued
for hundreds of years. The British, French, Portuguese, Dutch and the Spanish were the main countries involved in this trade.
(iii) Spanish conquest of Mexico
The Spanish conquest of present day Mexico was due mainly to Cortez. He was born in Spain and he became a conquistador. He wanted to
explore Mexico and win an empire for Spain. He arrived there with over 600 men in 1519 and began travelling towards the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan which he soon discovered was a very beautiful city.
Cortez discovered that the Aztecs were cruel rulers. They frequently sacrificed thousands of native people to the gods by ripping their hearts out while they were still alive. The Aztec ruler was called Montezuma and he welcomed Cortes believing him to be one of their gods, returned to save them. Cortez and his men quickly outstayed their welcome as they proceeded to steal gold and jewellery from the natives. The Aztecs rose up and drove the Spanish from Tenochtitlan. They also killed Montezuma for welcoming Cortez and his men into their city.
However Cortez soon returned with a new army and defeated the Aztecs. They destroyed Tenochtitlan and the Aztec civilisation. Mexico became a Spanish colony and as a result Spain became the richest country in Europe.
Cortez’s army succeeded for a number of reasons: (a) they had horses and guns which the Aztecs did not have, (b) they had the support of the natives who were willing to rise up against the Aztecs because the Aztecs were such cruel rulers and (c) the Aztecs were
severely weakened by an outbreak of smallpox which was raging through its population at the time.
AGE OF EXPLORATION
(i)Achievements of the Portuguese voyages of exploration
Prince Henry of Portugal was the first European explorer to create a special school to train sailors in a place called Sagres. Portuguese sailors were the first to explore the western coast of Africa and they charted its coastline. They established trade links with African rulers and brought many goods and slaves back to Europe.
Bartholomew Diaz was a Portuguese sailor and was the first to reach the southern tip of Africa. He named this part of Africa the Cape of Storms. It was later changed to the Cape of Good Hope in order to encourage more sailors to sail further around the tip to India and the Spice Islands. The first Portuguese sailor to achieve that was Vasco da Gama who reached the Indian port of Calicut.
In the years following these voyages, Portugal became a very powerful and wealthy nation and established many overseas colonies in Asia and Brazil. It also broke Muslim control of the spice trade thus reducing the price of spices in Europe. Portugal became a great rival of Spain and later, in the treaty of Tordesillas, the Spanish and the Portuguese divided up the New World between them.
(ii) Conflict between European powers as a result of the voyages of exploration
Many European countries wanted to get a share of the land and wealth of the New World. At the beginning the biggest rivals were Spain and Portugal. They became such rivals that the Pope had to get involved and the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in order to divide the New
World between them. All new land claimed to the west of the dividing line was Spanish, and territory claimed in the east was to be under Portuguese control. This was done in order to prevent them going to war with each other.
As exploration expanded, more and more European countries got involved and also became rivals. The English wanted to gain some
of the wealth of the New World, so they attacked Spanish colonies and Spanish ships. The Dutch attacked some of the Portuguese colonies including some on the Spice Islands and the French and the English were rivals in North America, the Caribbean and in India. These European countries also became very wealthy as a result of exploration and this led to rivalry and jealousy between them.
Another rivalry that developed between countries was the race to bring as many slaves as possible to the New World and it continued
for hundreds of years. The British, French, Portuguese, Dutch and the Spanish were the main countries involved in this trade.
(iii) Spanish conquest of Mexico
The Spanish conquest of present day Mexico was due mainly to Cortez. He was born in Spain and he became a conquistador. He wanted to
explore Mexico and win an empire for Spain. He arrived there with over 600 men in 1519 and began travelling towards the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan which he soon discovered was a very beautiful city.
Cortez discovered that the Aztecs were cruel rulers. They frequently sacrificed thousands of native people to the gods by ripping their hearts out while they were still alive. The Aztec ruler was called Montezuma and he welcomed Cortes believing him to be one of their gods, returned to save them. Cortez and his men quickly outstayed their welcome as they proceeded to steal gold and jewellery from the natives. The Aztecs rose up and drove the Spanish from Tenochtitlan. They also killed Montezuma for welcoming Cortez and his men into their city.
However Cortez soon returned with a new army and defeated the Aztecs. They destroyed Tenochtitlan and the Aztec civilisation. Mexico became a Spanish colony and as a result Spain became the richest country in Europe.
Cortez’s army succeeded for a number of reasons: (a) they had horses and guns which the Aztecs did not have, (b) they had the support of the natives who were willing to rise up against the Aztecs because the Aztecs were such cruel rulers and (c) the Aztecs were
severely weakened by an outbreak of smallpox which was raging through its population at the time.